Pharmacoeconomics: theory and practice
№2, 2026, Vol.14

AIM. To summarize the changes that have taken place in pharmacy organizations owing to the use of digital technologies, and to determine the directions of development and prospects of digitalization for pharmacy organizations. METHODS. The study employed logical, analytical, synthetic, systemic and historical retrospective methods, content analysis of legal acts, and the general scientific methods of grouping and classification. The legal acts that determine the development of digital technologies in the Russian Federation were analyzed, as well as the works of Russian pharmaceutical science since the 1990s in which the management technologies of a pharmacy organization were developed. RESULTS. The systemic analysis made it possible for the first time to identify a historical feature of the economic structures of the pharmacy business. In each economic structure the prosperity of pharmacies was based on the most advanced knowledge of its time, and for a long period such knowledge was chemistry, pharmacognosy and the technology of drug compounding. The management technologies that are today performed for the specialist by software were developed by Russian pharmaceutical science from the 1990s onwards. The calculation of demand and the rationing of stocks, the analysis of the assortment structure, pricing and business valuation were formalized and embedded in algorithms, therefore a significant part of the digital solutions used in a pharmacy organization represents the technological development, automation and scaling of previously established management methods. The content analysis of legal acts showed that the state defines the strategies of scientific and technological development and places emphasis on artificial intelligence, the digitalization of health care and digital platforms, while the experimental legal regime has been chosen as the form of introducing innovations. Electronic document management is used in pharmacy organizations and facilitates routine work, although some organizations still keep paper records. However, the full responsibility for the result of the use of digital technologies remains with the accredited specialist. A special place is occupied by the drug movement monitoring system, in which the response of the information system has become a condition for completing a commodity transaction. Information exchange with medical organizations and the admission of specialists to work through the system of continuing education and accreditation have been transferred to the digital environment. On the whole, at the stage of maturity of digital technologies one observes an expansion of the range of tools used, a synergy of professional and artificial intelligence and the integration of their thesauri, difficulties in practical use due to shortcomings in software support, as well as some easing of the shortage of professional personnel. The transition from digital accounting to digital support of the pharmacist’s professional decision appears to be the most significant direction of development, and the experimental legal regime remains the mechanism for introducing innovations. The pace of digitalization is limited by the responsibility of the specialist, the special procedure for processing health data, the lag of software behind the regulatory framework and the unequal capabilities of large pharmacy chains and single pharmacy organizations. CONCLUSION. The improvement of the processes of pharmaceutical activity continues under the conditions of a personnel constraint owing to the work of highly qualified people in cooperation with “smart” technologies. An analogy can be drawn between the use of the advanced knowledge of past economic structures accumulated in pharmacies (chemistry, drug compounding technologies) and the use by pharmacists of the new digital tools of the cybernetic paradigm. Digital technologies are the chemistry of the professional development of the present day of pharmacy activity.

PURPOSE. The purpose of the study was to examine the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) complications among beneficiaries in the Stavropol Krai, depending on disease duration. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The Stavropol Krai DM registry database was used for the study. A cross-section of depersonalized data from electronic patient records with DM was conducted as of January 1, 2025. The following methods were used: continuous statistical observation; grouping methods; mathematical and statistical processing of the resulting data groups; and comparison methods. Extensive indicators (structural indicators, proportions), and rates of indicator change were used as the main variables to characterize the structure of complications and the dynamics of change. For analytical processing of the collected digital data, Excel spreadsheets (2021) containing a set of standard formulas and functions for performing mathematical operations were used. RESULTS. This paper presents the results of a retrospective analysis of the incidence of complications associated with carbohydrate metabolism disorders, diabetes mellitus types I, II, and other types, from 2020 to 2024. The dynamics of the incidence of complications was determined depending on the duration of the disease and the age of the beneficiaries (children, adolescents, and individuals over 18 years of age). CONCLUSION. The incidence of complications associated with carbohydrate metabolism disorders was determined depending on the type of diabetes mellitus, the age of the beneficiary (children, adolescents, and individuals over 18 years of age), and the duration of the disease. These factors may subsequently impact the cost of drug therapy. The dynamics of changes in the incidence of complications in different age groups of beneficiaries were also determined. The obtained results facilitate the identification of risk groups among beneficiaries with the highest rates of diabetes complications and the organization of effective drug provision for this category of beneficiaries. They can also be used for subsequent regional pharmacoeconomic assessment of drug therapy use.

Implementing lean production principles in the procurement of medical de- vices is a key reserve for improving operational efficiency, reducing costs, and ensuring the uninterrupted operation of healthcare organizations. Poten- tial benefits include optimizing warehouse stocks, shortening logistics cycle times, minimizing waste, and improving the quality of purchased devices. However, the success of these transformations directly depends on the readiness and engagement of staff, who often covertly or openly resist change, thereby nullifying all management efforts. This study aims to identify the reasons for staff resistance to the implementation of lean management tools in the procurement activities of a healthcare organization and, based on these findings, to develop a set of practical measures for motivating and engaging them in the transformation process. The results show that the main barriers are not only technical difficulties but also the human factor: fear of increased transparency and greater personal accountability, insufficient understanding of the lean philosophy, lack of skills to work under conditions of process standardization and visualization, as well as persistent concerns about possible staff reductions. A direct correlation between the level of employee awareness of the goals and methods of lean management and their degree of resistance has been statistically confirmed. Based on these findings, a motivational framework was developed, including training programs, democratic management tools, a KPI system linked to optimization results, and explanatory work aimed at debunking myths and fostering a positive perception of change.